΢ÈíÐû²¼ÐÂÖ¸ÄÏ£ºÇ¿»¯·ÀÓùKerberoasting¹¥»÷

Ðû²¼Ê±¼ä 2024-10-15

1. ΢ÈíÐû²¼ÐÂÖ¸ÄÏ£ºÇ¿»¯·ÀÓùKerberoasting¹¥»÷


10ÔÂ13ÈÕ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Î¢Èí½üÆÚÐû²¼ÁËÐÂÖ¸ÄÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ö¼ÔÚ×ÊÖú×éÖ¯ÓÐÓ÷ÀÓùÈÕÒæÑÏÖØµÄ Kerberoasting ¹¥»÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÕâÖÖ¹¥»÷Ö÷ÒªÕë¶Ô Active Directory (AD) ÇéÐΡ£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Kerberoasting ʹÓà Kerberos Éí·ÝÑé֤ЭÒéÇÔÈ¡ AD ƾ֤£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹¹¥»÷ÕßÄܹ»ÆÕ±é»á¼ûÃô¸Ð×ÊÔ´¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Î¢ÈíÖ¸³ö£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ëæ×ÅÍøÂçÍþвµÄÒ»Ö±Ñݱ䣬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ç徲רҵְԱ±ØÐè½ô¸ú×îÐµĹ¥»÷ǰÑԺͷÀÓù»úÖÆ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ÓÉÓÚ GPU ¼ÓËÙÃÜÂëÆÆ½âÊÖÒÕµÄÔËÓ㬣¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Kerberoasting ¹¥»÷µÄÓÐÓÃÐÔÕýÔÚÌáÉý¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ÔÚ Kerberoasting ¹¥»÷ÖУ¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¹¥»÷Õßͨ¹ýÇëÇó²¢ÆÆ½âʹÓÃÕË»§ÃÜÂë¹þÏ£¼ÓÃܵÄЧÀÍÆ±Ö¤£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬À´»ñÈ¡ÕË»§ÃÜÂ뼰δ¾­ÊÚȨµÄ»á¼ûȨÏÞ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ÌØÊâÊÇÃÜÂë½ÏÈõµÄÕË»§ºÍʹÓýÏÈõ¼ÓÃÜËã·¨£¨Èç¼´½«±»ÆúÓÃµÄ RC4£©µÄÕË»§£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¸üÒ×Êܵ½¹¥»÷¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Î¢ÈíÍýÏëÔÚ Windows 11 24H2 ºÍ Windows Server 2025 µÄδÀ´¸üÐÂÖÐĬÈϽûÓà RC4¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Îª¼õÇá Kerberoasting Σº¦£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Î¢Èí½¨Òé½ÓÄɶàÏî²½·¥£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬°üÀ¨Ê¹ÓÃ×éÍйÜЧÀÍÕÊ»§ (gMSA) »òίÍÐÍйÜЧÀÍÕÊ»§ (dMSA)¡¢Ç¿ÖÆÊ¹ÓÃÇ¿ÃÜÂë¡¢ÉèÖÃЧÀÍÕÊ»§Ê¹Óà AES ¼ÓÃÜ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÒÔ¼°ÉóºË²¢É¾³ý²»ÐëÒªµÄЧÀÍÖ÷ÌåÃû³Æ (SPN)¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£±ðµÄ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Î¢Èí»¹ÌṩÁ˼ì²â Kerberoasting ¹¥»÷µÄÖ¸µ¼¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£


https://securityonline.info/microsoft-issues-guidance-to-combat-rising-kerberoasting-attacks/


2. Water MakaraʹÓÃÐÂÌÓ±ÜÊÖÒÕÕë¶Ô°ÍÎ÷ÆóÒµ°²ÅÅAstaroth¶ñÒâÈí¼þ


10ÔÂ14ÈÕ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Trend MicroÑо¿Ö°Ô±·¢Ã÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò»¸öÃûΪWater MakaraµÄÍþвÐÐΪÕßÕûÌåÕë¶Ô°ÍÎ÷ÆóÒµ¾ÙÐеĶñÒâ»î¶¯¼¤Ôö£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹ÓÃÁËÒ»ÖÖеÄÌÓ±ÜÊÖÒÕÀ´°²ÅÅÎÛÃûÕÑÖøµÄAstarothÒøÐжñÒâÈí¼þ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£´Ë´ÎÓã²æÊ½ÍøÂç´¹ÂڻÖ÷ÒªÕë¶ÔÀ­¶¡ÃÀÖ޵Ĺ«Ë¾£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÓÈÆäÊǰÍÎ÷µÄÖÆÔ칫˾¡¢ÁãÊÛ¹«Ë¾ºÍÕþ¸®»ú¹¹£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Í¨¹ýð³ä¹Ù·½Ë°ÎñÎļþ²¢Ê¹ÓÃСÎÒ˽¼ÒËùµÃ˰É걨µÄ½ôÆÈÐÔÓÕÆ­Óû§ÏÂÔØ¶ñÒâÈí¼þ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¹¥»÷ÕßʹÓÃmshta.exeÖ´ÐлìÏýµÄJavaScriptÏÂÁ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÓëC&CЧÀÍÆ÷½¨ÉèÅþÁ¬¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ZIPÎļþ¸½¼þÖаüÀ¨¶ñÒâµÄLNKÎļþ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬µ±Óû§Ö´ÐÐʱ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬»áÔËÐÐǶÈëµÄ¶ñÒâJavaScriptÏÂÁî¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£³ýÁËLNKÎļþ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ZIPÎļþ»¹°üÀ¨ÁíÒ»¸ö¾ßÓлìÏýJavaScriptÏÂÁîµÄÎļþ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Ôڴ˴λÖУ¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¹¥»÷ÕßʹÓÃÁ˶à¸öÎļþÀ©Õ¹Ãû£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Èç.pdf¡¢.jpgµÈ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÒÔÈö²¥¶ñÒâÈí¼þ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£½âÂëºóµÄJavaScriptÏÂÁîÕ¹ÏÖÁËÒ»¸ö¶ñÒâURL£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Í¨¹ýGetObjectº¯ÊýʵÑéÖ´Ðлò¼ìË÷¹¤¾ß£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÆäËû¶ñÒâ²Ù×÷¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Water MakaraµÄÓã²æÊ½ÍøÂç´¹ÂڻÒÀÀµÓÚÓû§µã»÷¶ñÒâÎļþ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Òò´Ë¹«Ë¾Ó¦½ÓÄÉ×î¼Ñʵ¼ù£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÈçÇå¾²Åàѵ¡¢Ç¿ÃÜÂëÕ½ÂÔ¡¢¶àÒòËØÉí·ÝÑéÖ¤¡¢¼á³ÖÇå¾²½â¾ö¼Æ»®¸üеÈ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÒÔÔöÇ¿¶Ô´ËÀàÍþвµÄ·ÀÓù¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£


https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/j/water-makara-uses-obfuscated-javascript-in-spear-phishing-campai.html


3. GmailÓû§ÔâAIÔöÇ¿ÐÍÍøÂç´¹ÂÚ¹¥»÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬×¨¼ÒÇ××Ô½ÒÃØÈ¦Ì×


10ÔÂ14ÈÕ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Gmail×÷ΪȫÇò×îÊ¢Ðеĵç×ÓÓʼþЧÀÍ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÓµÓÐÁè¼Ý25ÒÚÓû§£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò²Òò´Ë³ÉΪÁ˶ñÒâÐÐΪÕßÈëÇÖÕË»§ºÍÇÔÈ¡Ãô¸ÐÊý¾ÝµÄÖØµãÄ¿µÄ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Î¢ÈíÇå¾²²úƷר¼Ò¡¢CloudJoyÊ×´´ÈËSam Mitrovic×î½üÖÒÑԳƣ¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò»ÖÖÖØ´óµÄÈ˹¤ÖÇÄÜÔöÇ¿ÐÍÍøÂç´¹ÂÚÍýÏëÕýÕë¶ÔGmailÓû§£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¾ÍÁ¬Ëû×Ô¼ºÒ²ÖÐÁËÕС£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£È¦Ì×´ÓÒ»·âÉù³ÆÀ´×ԹȸèµÄµç×ÓÓʼþ×îÏÈ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÓʼþÓÕµ¼Ëûµã»÷Á´½Ó½øÈëÒ»¸ö·ÂÕæµÄÚ²Æ­ÍøÕ¾£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÍýÏëÇÔÈ¡µÇ¼ƾ֤¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£½Ó×Å£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËûÓÖÊÕµ½ÁËÀ´×Ô¡°Google¡±µÄµç»°£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Éù³Æ¼ì²âµ½ÆäÕË»§±£´æÒì³£»£»£»£»£»î¶¯¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Ö»¹ÜMitrovic¶ÔÀ´µçºÅÂë¾ÙÐÐÁËÔÚÏßËÑË÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²¢È·ÈÏÁËÆäÕýµ±ÐÔ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬µ«ÔÚ×Ðϸ¼ì²é·¢¼þÈ˵ĵç×ÓÓʼþµØµãºó£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËûÃôÈñµØ·¢Ã÷µØµãαװ³ÉÁËGoogle¹Ù·½ÓòÃû¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£±ðµÄ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Mitrovic»¹Òâʶµ½£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Æ­×ÓµÄÉùÒô¹ýÓÚÍêÉÆ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇÓÉÈ˹¤ÖÇÄÜÌìÉúµÄ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ËûÒÔΪ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÕâÊÇÈ«Çò¹æÄ£Äڵĺڿͻ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¶øËûÖ»ÊÇÖÚ¶àÊܺ¦ÕßÖ®Ò»¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Òò´Ë£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËûÏò¹«ÖÚ·¢³ö¾¯Ê¾£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÌáÐѸ÷ÈËÕ©Æ­ÊÖ¶ÎÈÕÒæÖØ´óÇÒÁîÈËÐÅ·þ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ð¡ÎÒ˽¼ÒÓ¦¼á³Ö¸ß¶ÈСÐÄ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¾ÙÐлù±¾¼ì²é»òÏòÐÅÈεÄÈËÇóÖú£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÒÔÌá·À´ËÀ๥»÷¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£


https://securityonline.info/gmail-scam-alert-hackers-spoof-google-to-steal-credentials/


4. ˼¿ÆÊÓ²ìÊý¾Ýй¶ָ¿Ø£ºÒÉÔâºÚ¿ÍÈëÇÖ


10ÔÂ14ÈÕ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ë¼¿Æ¹«Ë¾Ö¤ÊµÕýÔÚÊÓ²ìÒ»ÏîÖ¸¿Ø£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ö¸¿Ø³ÆÒ»ÃûÍþвÐÐΪÕßÔÚºÚ¿ÍÂÛ̳ÉϳöÊ۾ݳÆÊÇ´Ó˼¿ÆÇÔÈ¡µÄÊý¾Ý£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÌåÏÖ¹«Ë¾¿ÉÄÜÒÑÔâÊÜÈëÇÖ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Ë¼¿Æ½²»°ÈËÌåÏÖ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¹«Ë¾ÒÑÏàʶµ½Ïà¹Ø±¨µÀ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²¢ÒÑÆô¶¯ÊÓ²ìÒÔÆÀ¹ÀÕâһ˵·¨µÄÕæÊµÐÔ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬µ«ÏÖÔÚÊÓ²ìÈÔÔÚ¾ÙÐÐÖС£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£´Ëǰ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÃûΪ¡°IntelBroker¡±µÄÍþвÐÐΪÕßÉù³Æ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËûÓëÁíÍâÁ½ÃûºÚ¿ÍÓÚ2024Äê6ÔÂ10ÈÕÈëÇÖÁË˼¿ÆÏµÍ³£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²¢ÇÔÈ¡ÁË´ó×Ú¿ª·¢Ö°Ô±Êý¾Ý¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¾ÝºÚ¿ÍÂÛ̳µÄÌû×ÓÏÔʾ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ð¹Â¶µÄÊý¾Ý°üÀ¨ÖÖÖÖÏîĿԴ´úÂë¡¢Ó²±àÂëÆ¾Ö¤¡¢Ö¤Êé¡¢¿Í»§SRC¡¢Ë¼¿ÆÉñÃØÎĵµµÈ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£IntelBroker»¹·ÖÏíÁËÉæÏÓ±»µÁÊý¾ÝµÄÑù±¾¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ÖµµÃ×¢ÖØµÄÊÇ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬6Ô·ÝIntelBrokerÒÑ×îÏȳöÊÛ»òй¶°üÀ¨T-Mobile¡¢AMDºÍAppleÔÚÄڵĶà¼Ò¹«Ë¾µÄÊý¾Ý¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¾ÝÐÂÎÅÈËʿ͸¶£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÕâЩÊý¾Ý¿ÉÄÜÊÇ´ÓµÚÈý·½DevOpsºÍÈí¼þ¿ª·¢ÍйÜЧÀÍÌṩÉÌ´¦ÇÔÈ¡µÄ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£È»¶ø£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÏÖÔÚÉв»ÇåÎú˼¿Æ´Ë´ÎйÃÜÊÂÎñÊÇ·ñÓë´Ëǰ6Ô·ݵÄйÃÜÊÂÎñÓйØ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£


https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/cisco-investigates-breach-after-stolen-data-for-sale-on-hacking-forum/


5. ³¯ÏʺڿÍʹÓÃFASTCashÐÂÐÍLinux±äÖÖ͵ȡ½ðÈÚ»ú¹¹×ʽð


10ÔÂ14ÈÕ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬³¯ÏʺڿÍÕýʹÓÃFASTCash¶ñÒâÈí¼þµÄÐÂÐÍLinux±äÖÖ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Õë¶Ô½ðÈÚ»ú¹¹µÄÖ§¸¶×ª»»ÏµÍ³ÊµÑéδ¾­ÊÚȨµÄÏÖ½ðÌáÈ¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£FASTCashÏÈǰÖ÷ÒªÕë¶ÔWindowsºÍIBM AIXϵͳ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬µ«×îз¢Ã÷µÄUbuntu 22.04 LTS°æ±¾±äÖÖÏÔʾºÚ¿ÍÀ©´óÁ˹¥»÷¹æÄ£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£×Ô2016ÄêÒÔÀ´£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬FASTCashÒѱ»ÓÃÓÚÔÚ30¶à¸ö¹ú¼Ò·¢¶¯ATMÈ¡¿î¹¥»÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÇÔÈ¡ÊýÍòÍòÃÀÔª£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬CISAÓÚ2018ÄêÊ×´ÎÖÒÑÔ¸ÃÍþв£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²¢½«Æä¹é×ïÓÚ³¯ÏÊÕþ¸®Ö§³ÖµÄºÚ¿Í×éÖ¯¡°Òþ²ØÑÛ¾µÉß¡±¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£2020Ä꣬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÃÀ¹úÍøÂç˾Á½«FASTCash 2.0ÓëAPT38£¨Lazarus£©ÁªÏµÆðÀ´£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò»Äêºó£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÈýÃû³¯ÏÊÈËÒòÉæÏÓ¼ÓÈë´ËÀàÍýÏë±»ÆðËߣ¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÇÔÈ¡½ð¶îÁè¼Ý13ÒÚÃÀÔª¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£HaxRob·¢Ã÷µÄбäÖÖÓÚ2023Äê6ÔÂÊ×´ÎÌá½»¸øVirusTotal£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËüÒÔ¹²Ïí¿âÐÎʽעÈëµ½Ö§¸¶½»Á÷ЧÀÍÆ÷Àú³ÌÖУ¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬×èµ²²¢Ê¹ÓÃISO8583ÉúÒâÐÅÏ¢£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬½«ÉúÒâ¾Ü¾øÏìÓ¦Ìæ»»ÎªÅú×¼£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²¢°üÀ¨Ëæ»ú½ð¶î£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹ºÚ¿ÍÄܹ»´ÓATMÖÐÌáÈ¡Ïֽ𡣡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¸ÃLinux±äÌåÔÚVirusTotalÉÏÉÐδ±»¼ì²âµ½£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Åú×¢Æä¿ÉÌӱܴó´ó¶¼Çå¾²¹¤¾ß¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£±ðµÄ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬HaxRob»¹±¨¸æÁËFASTCashеÄWindows°æ±¾µÄ·ºÆð£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÏÔʾºÚ¿ÍÕýÔÚÆð¾¢Ë¢ÐÂÆä¹¤¾ß¼¯¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£


https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-fastcash-malware-linux-variant-helps-steal-money-from-atms/


6. Gryphon HealthcareÔâÓöÊý¾Ýй¶£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬40ÍòÈËÐÅÏ¢»òÔâÇÔÈ¡


10ÔÂ14ÈÕ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Gryphon HealthcareÊÇÒ»¼Ò×ܲ¿Î»ÓÚÐÝ˹¶ÙµÄÒ½ÁƱ£½¡Ð§ÀÍÌṩÉÌ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔâÓöÁËÒ»Æð¿ÉÄÜÉæ¼°¶à´ï40ÍòÈËСÎÒ˽¼ÒÐÅϢй¶µÄÊÂÎñ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£²»·¨·Ö×Ó¿ÉÄܽøÈëÁËGryphonÒ»Ãû¿Í»§µÄϵͳ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÕÆÎÕÁË»¼ÕßµÄÐÕÃû¡¢³öÉúÈÕÆÚ¡¢µØµã¡¢Éç»á°ü¹ÜºÅÒÔ¼°Ò½ÁÆÊý¾Ý£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬°üÀ¨Õï¶Ï¡¢ÖÎÁÆ¡¢´¦·½ºÍ°ü¹ÜÐÅÏ¢µÈ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£GryphonÌåÏÖºÜÊÇÖØÊÓÐÅÏ¢Çå¾²£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ö»¹ÜûÓÐÖ¤¾ÝÅú×¢Êý¾ÝÒѱ»ÀÄÓ㬣¬£¬£¬£¬£¬µ«ÒÑÏòËùÓÐÊܺ¦ÕßÌṩ12¸öÔµÄÐÅÓÃ¼à¿ØºÍÉí·Ý±£»£»£»£»£»¤Ð§ÀÍ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¾Ý³Æ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Õâ393,358ÃûСÎÒ˽¼ÒµÄÊý¾ÝÓÉGryphonΪÆäÌṩҽÁÆÕ˵¥Ð§À͵Ä×éÖ¯´æ´¢£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¿ÉÄܰüÀ¨Ò½Ôº¡¢¼±ÕïÊÒ¡¢Ó°ÏñÖÐÐĵȶàÖÖÒ½ÁÆ»ú¹¹¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£GryphonÔÚ·¢Ã÷ÊÂÎñºóÁ¬Ã¦½ÓÄɲ½·¥ÔöÇ¿Çå¾²ÐÔ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬µ«²¢Î´Ïêϸ˵Ã÷ÊÂÎñÐÔ×Ó¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£Î´À´¼¸¸öÔ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ëæ×Å״ʦÃÇÖÆ¶©ÕûÌåËßËÏÍýÏ룬£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Gryphon¿ÉÄܲ»µÃ²»Åû¶¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£


https://www.theregister.com/2024/10/14/gryphon_healthcare_breach/